Application of athletic training in the field for university students / Aplicação do treinamento esportivo em atletismo de campo para universitários / Aplicación del entrenamiento deportivo en el atletismo de campo para estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction There was a delay in China for the implementation of athletic physical training, often opting for technical and repetitive movements in their teaching method, resulting in an unsatisfactory didactic model. Objective Innovate physical training technology for teaching athletics in colleges and universities. Methods 80 students in two college and university athletics sports classes were submitted to two weekly athletics classes lasting 60 minutes. This paper measured and collected data before and after the battery of exercises, comparing the results pertinent to the group's physical fitness. All training lasted eight weeks. After this period, the relevant indices were measured again, ranked, and compared. Results The research shows that physical training can improve students' athletic performance in different grades, and the effect of athletic gain in students with lower initial performance is more significant. At the same time, strengthening physical training can effectively improve the basal performance of athletics and reduce the occurrence of sports injuries, ensuring the safety of the sports experienced. Conclusion Physical training can promote positive performance in athletics, deserving further research to popularize the implementation of athletic training in athletics for colleges and universities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Houve um atraso na China para a implementação do treino físico atlético, muitas vezes optando por movimentos técnicos e repetitivos em seu método de ensino, resultando num modelo didático insatisfatório. Objetivo Inovar a tecnologia de treinamento físico do ensino de atletismo em faculdades e universidades. Métodos 80 alunos em duas aulas de esportes de atletismo de Faculdades e universidades foram submetidos à duas aulas semanais de atletismo com duração de 60 minutos, este artigo mediu e coletou os dados antes e após a bateria de exercícios, comparando os resultados pertinentes à aptidão física do grupo. Todo o treinamento durou oito semanas. Após este período, os índices relevantes foram medidos novamente, classificados e comparados. Resultados A pesquisa mostra que o treinamento físico pode melhorar o desempenho atlético dos alunos em diferentes séries, e o efeito de ganho esportivo em alunos com menor desempenho inicial é mais significativo. Ao mesmo tempo, o fortalecimento do treinamento físico pode melhorar efetivamente o desempenho basal do atletismo e reduzir a ocorrência de lesões esportivas, garantindo a segurança dos esportes experenciados. Conclusão O treinamento físico pode promover rendimento positivo nos esportes de atletismo, merecendo mais pesquisas afim de popularizar a implementação do treinamento esportivo em atletismo para as Faculdades e universidades. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción En China se ha producido un retraso en la implantación del entrenamiento físico atlético, optando a menudo por movimientos técnicos y repetitivos en su método de enseñanza, lo que ha dado lugar a un modelo didáctico insatisfactorio. Objetivo Innovar la tecnología de entrenamiento físico de la enseñanza del atletismo en colegios y universidades. Métodos 80 estudiantes de dos clases de deportes de atletismo de la universidad fueron sometidos a dos clases semanales de atletismo de 60 minutos de duración, este trabajo midió y recogió los datos antes y después de la batería de ejercicios, comparando los resultados pertinentes a la aptitud física del grupo. La formación completa duró ocho semanas. Tras este periodo, se volvieron a medir los índices pertinentes, se clasificaron y se compararon. Resultados La investigación muestra que el entrenamiento físico puede mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de los estudiantes en diferentes grados, y el efecto de la ganancia deportiva en los estudiantes con menor rendimiento inicial es más significativo. Al mismo tiempo, el fortalecimiento del entrenamiento físico puede mejorar eficazmente el rendimiento basal del atletismo y reducir la aparición de lesiones deportivas, garantizando la seguridad de los deportistas experimentados. Conclusión El entrenamiento físico puede promover un rendimiento positivo en los deportes de atletismo, mereciendo una mayor investigación con el fin de popularizar la implementación del entrenamiento en el atletismo para los colegios y universidades. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Avaliação de bacias de detenção de águas pluviais implantadas no município de São Carlos (SP), Brasil / Assessment of rainwater detention basins located in the municipality of São Carlos (SP), Brazil

RESUMO O processo de urbanização e a impermeabilização do solo provocam alterações no balanço hídrico, gerando maior percentagem de escoamento superficial, com o aumento da frequência e da magnitude de inundações. Para mitigar esses impactos, podem ser implantadas bacias de detenção (BD) que diminuem os picos de vazão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as BD implantadas no município de São Carlos (SP), por meio de variáveis relativas a aspectos físicos, de gestão e integração urbana (posição, isolamento, conservação, uso, enchimento/ esvaziamento, processos construtivos, manutenção, custos). Para tanto, foram realizadas visitas in loco a cada uma das 26 unidades identificadas, em momentos com e sem evento de precipitação. Também foram consultados os projetos de drenagem e foram feitas entrevistas com agentes envolvidos. Como resultado, observou-se que todas as unidades previam somente a função hidrológica, que vem sendo atendida na medida em que ocorre o enchimento e posterior esvaziamento por meio de orifício de fundo em menos de 24 horas (exceto em três casos onde somente há infiltração no solo). Não há preocupação de integração com o espaço urbano nem de se encontrarem outros usos para o espaço ocupado pelas unidades. Observou-se uma tendência de falta de manutenção frequente, com crescimento excessivo de vegetação, principalmente naquelas sob gestão pública. Os custos obtidos de implantação variaram em torno de valores mencionados na literatura. Mesmo considerando que o controle hidrológico está sendo atendido, recomendam-se melhorias quanto à manutenção, bem como uma mudança de paradigma na concepção das BD, que passe a prever usos múltiplos.

ABSTRACT The accelerated urbanization process, together with a disordered occupation of the land, causes changes in the water balance, generating a greater percentage of surface runoff and increasing the frequency and magnitude of floods. As a measure to mitigate these impacts, detention basins (DB) are implemented in the urban environment to reduce the peak flow. This study aimed to evaluate the DB built in São Carlos (SP), Brazil, through established variables related to physical as well as management and urban integration aspects (position, insulation, conservation, use, filling/emptying, construction processes, maintenance, costs). For this purpose, on-site visits were made to each of the 26 identified units, with or without precipitation events. Drainage projects were also consulted and interviews were conducted with agents involved in the issue. Results showed that all units serve only a hydrological function, through the filling and subsequent emptying of stored water by means of a bottom hole in less than 24 hours (except in three cases where there is only soil infiltration). There is no concern about integration with the urban space or about finding other uses for the space occupied by the units. There is a tendency of lack of frequent maintenance, with excessive vegetation growth, especially in units under public management. The costs of implementation vary around values mentioned in the literature (between R$ 50 and R$ 25/m3). Although hydrological control is being provided, improvements in maintenance are recommended, as well as a paradigm shift in design that allows for multiple uses for DB.

Effectiveness of mat Pilates on postural alignment in the sagittal plane in school children: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the mat Pilates method, an exercise program, on postural alignment in the sagittal plane among children aged between 8 and 12 years. Method: This study used a blind randomized controlled clinical trial, with a Pilates group (PG) and control group (CG) at the Early Childhood Education Institute. A total of 40 children were randomized, who have no prior knowledge of the Pilates method and no exercise training in the last six months. Mat Pilates exercises were administered twice a week for four months in 50-minute sessions. Postural alignment in the sagittal plane was assessed using photogrammetry. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups post-intervention A significant difference was found in the following outcomes that represent an improvement in intragroup postural alignment: among the children in PG, in the right sagittal view in the vertical body alignment (p=0.019; effect size, ES = 0.70; standardize response mean, SRM = 0.57) and in the sagittal head angle (p=0.035; ES = 0.41; SRM = 0.51). Among the children in the CG, in the vertical alignment of the trunk in the left sagittal view (p= 0.016; ES = 0.50; SRM = 0.44). Conclusion: The effectiveness of Pilates on postural alignment in the sagittal plane among children aged between 8 and 12 years was not confirmed.

Entre síntoma y fármakon. La organología de la moral de Bernard Stiegler / Between Symptom and Pharmakon. Bernard Stiegler's Organology of Morality / Entre o sintoma e o farmakon. A organologia da Moral de Bernard Stiegler

Propósito/Contexto. Este artículo hace un recorrido por la filosofía de la técnica de Bernard Stiegler, con un enfoque en la dimensión moral de la perspectiva farmacológica. Su propósito está motivado por las cuestiones bioéticas que surgen de la perspectiva stiegleriana, en particular, por lo que concierne a los fenómenos de las adicciones a la tecnología digital y los efectos sociales y cognitivos que el contexto multimedia genera. Metodología/Enfoque. El enfoque metodológico que sustenta la elaboración de este artículo es la perspectiva farmacológica, elaborada por el propio Stiegler, por medio de la cual es posible replantear las bases de la ética y la moral en el contexto digital. Resultados/Hallazgos. El artículo hace una contribución teórica al debate sobre los efectos problemáticos y los beneficios de la adopción de la tecnología digital en todos los campos del saber y de las relaciones sociales, con un énfasis en los trastornos de la atención y los síntomas de malestar psicosocial. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Su contribución está en los elementos útiles que ofrece para un acercamiento metodológico entre la filosofía de la tecnología y la bioética (desde la farmacología y la organología). En este sentido, el trabajo de investigación y análisis del corpus stiegleriano se presenta como una aclaración de las apuestas bioéticas que conviven en la perspectiva farmacológica.

Purpose/Context. This article explores Bernard Stiegler's philosophy of technics, focusing on the moral dimension of the pharmacological perspective. Its purpose is motivated by the bioethical questions arising from the Stieglerian standpoint, particularly the phenomena of addictions to digital technology and the social and cognitive effects of the multimedia context. Method/Approach. The methodological approach is Stiegler's pharmacological perspective, whereby we can rethink the bases of ethics and morals in the digital realm. Results/Findings. It makes a theoretical contribution to the debate on the adverse effects and benefits of adopting digital technology for all knowledge domains and social relationships, emphasizing attention disorders and symptoms of psychosocial distress. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. It provides useful elements for a methodological rapproachement between the philosophy of technology and bioethics (from pharmacology and organology). Thus, the research and analysis of the Stieglerian corpus clarify the bioethical proposals that coexist from the pharmacological perspective.

Objetivo/Contexto. Este artigo faz um percorrido pela filosofia da técnica de Bernard Stiegler, com abordagem na dimensão moral da perspectiva farma-cológica. Seu propósito é motivado pelas questões bioéticas que surgem da perspectiva stiegleriana, em particular, no que diz respeito aos fenômenos de dependência à tecnologia digital e aos efeitos sociais e cognitivos que o contex-to multimídia gera.Metodologia/Abordagem. A abordagem metodológica que mantem a elabo-ração deste artigo é a perspectiva farmacológica, elaborada pelo próprio Stie-gler, por meio da qual é possível repensar os fundamentos da ética e da moral no contexto digital.Resultados/descobertas. O artigo faz uma contribuição teórica ao debate so-bre os efeitos problemáticos e os benefícios da adoção da tecnologia digital em todos os campos do conhecimento e das relações sociais, com ênfase nos transtornos de atenção e nos sintomas de sofrimento psicossocial.Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. A sua contribuição está nos elementos úteis que fornece para uma aproximação metodológica entre a filosofia da tec-nologia e a bioética (a partir da farmacologia e da organologia). Nesse sentido, a pesquisa e análise do corpus stiegleriano apresenta-se como um esclarecimento dos desafios bioéticos que coexistem na perspectiva farmacológica.

Application of metabolomics and related technologies in research and development field of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Internal environment of metabolism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a dynamic process, which is in line with the "holistic-dynamic-comprehensive-analytic" characteristics of metabonomics, therefore metabonomics have a unique advantage to reveal the metabolic pattern of TCM. The application of metabonomics in TCM has great practical significance in understanding the pharmacodynamic/toxic effect material basis, mechanisms and guiding for determination of dosage and treatment course; At the same time, the scientific compatibility of TCM prescription, the germplasm resources of TCM and the preclinical safety/toxicity can be widely researched. At present, metabolomics has become a leading technology in many industries and fields including the research and development of TCM. The core of metabolomics is analytical technology, because comprehensive metabolite profiles or accurate identification of known metabolites can be obtained from complex biological samples only by appropriate analytical techniques. At the same time, a series of bioinformatics/chemical informatics/stoichiometry methods are needed to process the data, so as to obtain the potential law and information in the mass data. In this paper, the concept of metabolomics, relevant analytical techniques, data processing methods and applications were explained and analyzed clearly. In addition, the core problems and countermeasures of metabolomics were summarized, and the future development of metabolomics was prospected as well.

Analysis on Research Status of Standardization of TCM Formula Granules / 中国中医药信息杂志

For many years, TCM formula granules, as a new form of decoction pieces reform, have been favored by people with its three features—Three Efficacy, Three Small and Five Conveniences. As a result, it has become the ideal product in the course of TCM internationalization. In the face of growing sales, to formulate its standard becomes imminent. Therefore, how to establish a system that is unique to standardization of TCM formula granules has become a research hotspot of scholars. This article summarized Results of recent research on the preparation, quality control, pharmacology studies and clinical evaluation of TCM formula granules, with a purpose to put forward relevant suggestions, and provide references for standardization of TCM formula granules.

Preparation of Osthol Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles / 医药导报

Objective To study the main factors affecting the preparation of osthol ( Ost ) loaded solid lipid nanoparticies ( SLN ) . Methods The SLN were prepared by melt-homogenization method. The optimum formulation and process were selected by orthogonai design. The shape, particle size, loading capacity were investigated. Results The obtained Ost-loaded SLN were sphere or oval at a range of 100-200 nm, and were well distributed without adhesion, the loading capacity was 59. 78%. Conclusion The melt-homogenization method is available for the preparation of Ost loaded SLN.

Conservative multidisciplinary management of placenta percreta following in vitro fertilization

Placenta percreta is an extremely rare and the most severe form of placental invasion, that is associated with severe maternal morbidity and mortality. We report a case of nulliparous woman who underwent 10 cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) without any known risk factors. We conserved her uterus by spontaneous vaginal delivery, leaving the placenta in situ, pelvic arterial embolization, and primary resection of the remaining placental tissues. This case demonstrates that repetitive IVF is a possible risk factor for placental invasion, and that conservation of the uterus can be achieved in such cases using a multidisciplinary approach.

Anestesia peribulbar com ropivacaína: estudo da ação vasoconstritora / Ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia: vasoconstrictive properties / Anestesia peribulbar con ropivacaína: estudio de la acción vasoconstrictora

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia peribulbar pode reduzir o fluxo sanguíneo ocular (FSO) por elevação da pressão intraocular (PIO) ou ação de fármacos. A ropivacaína tem baixa toxicidade e ação vasoconstritora intrínseca ainda não comprovada sobre vasculatura ocular. Medidas da amplitude de pulso ocular (APO) permitem avaliação indireta do FSO. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar, via FSO, a ação vasoconstritora da ropivacaína em anestesia peribulbar. MÉTODO: Quarenta olhos submetidos a bloqueio peribulbar com 7 mL de solução anestésica, sem vasoconstritor, foram separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: ropivacaína (n = 20) e bupivacaína (n = 20). Foram avaliados PIO, pressão de perfusão ocular (PPO), APO, variáveis hemodinâmicas e grau de acinesia antes e aos 5 e 10 minutos após bloqueio peribulbar. Para avaliação dos parâmetros oculares, utilizou-se tonômetro de contorno dinâmico. A sedação foi idêntica nos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: Não houve variação significativa dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e da intensidade de bloqueio motor entre os grupos. Aos 5 e 10 minutos houve diferença de PIO, PPO e APO entre os grupos (p < 0,05). A variação da PIO aos 5 e 10 minutos foi, respectivamente, de -0,88 por cento e -4,54 por cento com ropivacaína e 17,61 por cento e 16,56 por cento com bupivacaína. A alteração da PPO após 5 e 10 minutos foi de 1,5 por cento e 4,2 por cento com ropivacaína, e de -7 por cento e -6 por cento com bupivacaína. A APO variou -55,59 por cento e -59,67 por cento com ropivacaína aos 5 e 10 minutos, e -34,71 por cento e -28,82 por cento com bupivacaína. CONCLUSÕES: A ropivacaína reduziu mais intensamente a amplitude de pulso ocular, apesar das pequenas alterações de PIO e PPO. A diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo ocular pela ropivacaína pode ser atribuída ao seu efeito vasoconstritor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peribulbar anesthesia can reduce ocular blood flow (OBF) by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) or due to the action of drugs. Ropivacaine has low toxicity and intrinsic vasoconstrictive properties, yet to be proven on the ocular vasculature. Measurements of ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) allow the indirect evaluation of the OBF. The objective of the present study was to evaluate through the OBF the vasoconstrictive properties of ropivacaine in peribulbar anesthesia. METHODS: Forty eyes undergoing peribulbar anesthesia with 7 mL of anesthetic solution without vasoconstrictor were randomly divided into two groups: ropivacaine (n = 20) and bupivacaine (n = 20). The IOP, ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), OPA, hemodynamic parameters, and the degree of akinesia before and 5 and 10 minutes after the blockade were evaluated. A dynamic contour tonometer was used to evaluate ocular parameters. Sedation was similar in both groups. RESULTS: A significant variation in hemodynamic parameters and intensity of the motor blockade was not observed between groups. Differences in IOP, OPP, and OPA (p < 0.05) were observed between both groups at 5 and 10 minutes. The variation of IOP at 5 and 10 minutes was -0.88 percent and -4.54 percent, respectively with ropivacaine, and 17.61 percent and 16.56 percent with bupivacaine. The change in OPP after 5 and 10 minutes was 1.5 percent and 4.2 percent with ropivacaine, and -7 percent and -6 percent with bupivacaine. Ocular pulse amplitude varied -55.59 percent and -59.67 percent with ropivacaine at 5 and 10 minutes, and -34.71 percent and -28.82 percent with bupivacaine. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine reduced more intensely the ocular pulse amplitude despite little changes in IOP and OPP. The reduction in ocular blood flow caused by ropivacaine can be attributed to its vasoconstrictive effect.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia peribulbar puede reducir el flujo sanguíneo ocular (FSO) por elevación de la presión intraocular (PIO) o por la acción de fármacos. La ropivacaína tiene una baja toxicidad y una acción vasoconstrictora intrínseca que todavía no ha sido comprobada sobre la vasculatura ocular. Medidas de la amplitud del pulso ocular (APO) permiten una evaluación indirecta del FSO. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar, vía FSO, la acción vasoconstrictora de la ropivacaína en la anestesia peribulbar. MÉTODO: Cuarenta pacientes, sometidos a bloqueo peribulbar con 7 mL de solución anestésica, sin vasoconstrictor, fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: Ropivacaína (n = 20) y bupivacaína (n = 20). Se evaluaron PIO, presión de perfusión ocular (PPO), APO, variables hemodinámicas y el grado de acinesia antes y a los 5 y 10 minutos posteriores al bloqueo peribulbar. Para la evaluación de los parámetros oculares, se utilizó el tonómetro de contorno dinámico. La sedación fue idéntica en los dos grupos. RESULTADOS: No se registró variación significativa de los parámetros hemodinámicos y de la intensidad del bloqueo motor. A los 5 y 10 minutos, se registró una diferencia de PIO, PPO y APO entre los grupos (p < 0,05). La variación de la PIO a los 5 y 10 minutos fue, respectivamente, de -0,88 por ciento y -4,54 por ciento con ropivacaína y de 17,61 por ciento y 16,56 por ciento con bupivacaína. La alteración de la PPO después de 5 y 10 minutos fue de 1,5 por ciento y 4,2 por ciento con ropivacaína, y de -7 por ciento y -6 por ciento con bupivacaína. La APO varió -55,59 por ciento y -59,67 por ciento con ropivacaína a los 5 y 10 minutos, y -34,71 por ciento y -28,82 por ciento con bupivacaína. CONCLUSIONES: La ropivacaína redujo más intensamente la amplitud del pulso ocular, a pesar de las pequeñas alteraciones de PIO y PPO. La disminución del flujo sanguíneo ocular por la ropivacaína puede ser atribuida a su efecto vasoconstrictor.

Sindrome de ovario poliquístico: del diagnóstico ecográfico al molecular / Polycystic ovary syndrome: from clinical and echographic to molecular diagnosis

El síndrome de ovario poliquístico es una endocrinopatía común y de etiología desconocida, que afecta hasta el 10% de las mujeres, y cuyas manifestaciones clínicas incluyen irregularidades menstruales, signos de hiperandrogenismo y obesidad. Se ha encontrado asociación con resistencia a la insulina, con incremento del riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y eventos cardiovasculares. Así mismo, se describe riesgo de preeclampsia, hiperplasia endometrial, cáncer endometrial e infertilidad. Este síndrome es un desorden heterogéneo, con evidencia genética basada en estudios de familias con herencia autosómica dominante y se ha identificado un alto número de genes candidatos, tres de los más estudiados han sido el gen del receptor de insulina, la región codificadora de globulina fijadora de hormonas sexuales y el gen relacionado con el receptor de andrógenos.

The polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder of unknown etiology, which affects 10% of the women, whose clinical manifestations include menstrual irregularities, signs of hyperandrogenism and obesity. It has been found associations with resistance to the insulin with increase risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Likewise risk is described of preeclampsia, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer and infertility. This syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, with genetic evidence based on studies of families with inheritance autosomal dominant and has themselves identifying a high candidates genes number. Three of the most studied have been the gene of the receiver of insulin, the region encode of sex hormone binding globulin and the gene related to the receiver of androgens.

Corps-matière et jouissance: le rêve d?un nouveau corps / Material body and fruition: the dream of a new body

Le succès et le partage planétaire d une fantasmatique corporelle moderne: le scénario de la réinvention du corps et de sa nature, de la création d un nouveau corps qui serait affranchi de la condition humaine, et les tentatives de tous ordres pour obtenir l accomplissement de ce scénario, de ce rêve, ne peuvent que questionner. De la version cyborg à la version avatar de ce rêve d un nouveau corps, on en viendra à se demander si ce nouveau corps qui serait, dit-on, l avenir, n est pas aussi et d abord regret et désir d un corps d infance perdu, d un corps qui, disait Freud, laisse des traces indélébiles dans la vie psychique de linfant: le corps imaginaire de la mère des premiers temps, le corps infantile de la mère phallique

O sucesso e a partilha planetária de uma fantasmática corporal moderna: o cenário da reinvenção do corpo e de sua natureza, da criação de um novo corpo que seria libertado de sua condição humana, e as tentativas de todo tipo para a realização desse cenário, desse sonho, só podem trazer questionamentos. Da versão cyborg à versão avatar desse sonho de um novo corpo, nós nos questionaremos se esse novo corpo, que seria, digamos, o futuro, não é também, antes de tudo, o desejo de um corpo de infância perdido, de um corpo que, dizia Freud, deixa traços indeléveis na vida psíquica da criança: o corpo imaginário da mãe dos primeiros tempos, o corpo infantil da mãe fálica

The succes and the world wide spreading of a modern body fantasm: idea of reinventing body and its nature, of creating a new body that would be pulled out of its human condition, and every attemps to perform that idea, that dream, can only bring questions. From the cyborg version to the avatar version of that dream of a new body, we will be conducted to ask if this new body, sometimes told to be the future, isn?t also, in the first place, regret and desire of a lost childhood body, of a body that, so says Freud, leave indelible traces on the childs psychic life: the early times mothers imaginary body, the childish body of the phallic mother

Aproximación a la evaluación de los aprendizajes / Approach to the evaluation of learning

La evaluación educativa se define como el proceso sistemático de obtener información y utilizarla para emitir juicios que a su vez servirán para tomar decisiones. Como componente importante del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, debe guardar estricta coherencia con la corriente psicopedagógica, el perfil profesional y el currículo de las instituciones educativas. Sus elementos constituyentes son el objeto de la evaluación, los criterios e indicadores de evaluación y las técnicas e instrumentos de evaluación, elementos estos que permiten construir juicios de valor para tomar decisiones que mejoren la educación. La evaluación de los aprendizajes dentro ese marco conceptual, tiene una serie de falencias que básicamente se fundan en el desconocimiento de los conceptos básicos y metodológicos del proceso de evaluación, algunas son comentadas sobre este aspecto, destacándose el hecho de que la evaluación mal comprendida y peor puesta en práctica se constituye en una fuente permanente de conflictos entre docentes, alumnos, autoridades, instituciones y padres de familia. Se plantean conceptualizaciones básicas del proceso de evaluación con mayor enfasis en la parte metodologica antes que en el aspecto epistemológico y el teórico, como un aporte para comprender mejor y poner en práctica esta herramienta tan importante en la educación que tiene por papel mejorar permanentemente el aprendizaje de nuestros estudiantes que tienen el derecho a ser evaluados con criterios plenos de objetividad. Este objetivo solo se cumplirá si el personal docente tiene disposición al cuestionamiento crítico y profesional, a fin de replantearse criterios y concepciones nuevas sobre la evaluación de los aprendizajes.

The educational evaluation is defined as the systematic process to obtain information and to use it to emit trials that in turn will serve to take decisions. As an important component of teaching-learning process, it should keep strict coherence with the average phycopedagogical, the professional profile and the curriculum of the educational institutions. Their constituent elements are the object ot the evaluation, the approaches and evaluation indicators and the techniques and evaluation instruments, elements these that allow to build trials of value to make decisions that improve the educational act. The evaluation of the learnings inside of that conceptual mark, has a lot failures that basically are founded in ignorance of the basic and methodological concepts ot the evaluation process, some are commented on this aspect, standing out the fact that the evaluation not well well-known and worse setting in practice is constituted in a permanent source of conflicts among educational, students, authorities, institutions and family parents. They think about basic conceptualizations of the evaluation process with more emphasis in the methodological part before the aspect epistemologic and the theoretical one, as a contribution to understand better and to put at once into practice this tool so important educational that has for paper to improve the learning of our students that you/they are entitled the to be evaluated with full approaches of objectivity permanently. This alone objective will be completed if the educational personnel has disposition to the critical and professional question, in order to reconsider approaches and conceptions new envelope the evaluation ot the learnings.

The Study of Total Flavonoids in Leaves of Lonicera Hypoglauca Miq / 医学研究杂志

Objective To study the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and other ingredients in leaves of Lonicera hypoglauca miq,and to optimize the reflux extraction condition for total flavonoids from leaves of lonicera hypoglauca miq. Methods Preliminary test was used for qualitative analysis. UV-spectrophotometry was used to determinate content of total flavonoids. By orthogonal design,the extraction rate of flavonoids was determined in different factors of ethanol reflux extracting. Results Leaves of lonicera hypoglauca miq contained alkaloids and flavonoids.The optimum conditions of ethanol reflux extracting total flavonoids are 12 times 50% ethanol,and refluence for 1.0h at water bath for two times.According to validate experiment,the average total flavonoids content was 16.6% in leaves of lonicera hypoglauca miq,with RSD=1.52%(n=3). Conclusion Flavonoids are in higher level in leaves of Lonicera hypoglauca miq. There are some chemical similarity in leaves of lonicera hypoglauca miq and leaves of flos lonicerae.

Study on Moulding Technics of Anxinkang Drop Pills / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To study the optimum techniques making Anxinkang drop pills. [ Methods ] Using parallel experimentation for the choice of Matrix and refrigerant,dropping distance and rate,the temperranture of refrigerant.Using orthogonal experimentation for the choice of proportion of extract and Matrix,proportion of extract,water and glycerin, the temperature of drug solution.with quality of outward appearance as the evalution quota to decide the best dropping condition.[ Results ]The optimum technique was that PEG6000∶PEG4000(3∶2) as matrix,Methyl-siliconoil:liquid-paraffin(3∶1) is refigerant.Internal and external diameter of burette are equal to 2.5mm and 3mm .Drug is dropping into the refrigerant of about15~20 drop per minute [ conclusion ] The oplimum techniques are feasible and accord with the quality standards of drop pills.

Optimization of Preparation Technics for Liver-strengthening Cholagogue Oral Preparations by Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technics of liver-strengthening cholagogue oral preparation.METHODS:The effects of the four factors-the quantity of the added water,the decoction time,the decoction times and the alcohol precipitation concentration on the extraction results were determined with content of total flavonoids taken as index.RESULTS:The best extracting condition was the following,the amount of the added water was 10 times that of the medicinal materials,the decoction duration was 60min,the alcohol precipitation concentration was 50%and the decoction was carried out twice.CONCLUSION:The preparation under this technics is of high clarity and stable contents.

Study on Formation Technics of Xuesaitong Drop Pills / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the optimum formation technics of Xuesaitong drop pill.METHODS:Parallel tests were conducted on the dosage of different base materials and the main drug with the forming percentage and the rate of qualified weight as the index of evaluation,the orthogonal test was conducted on the4factors,including the temperature of drops and the liquor condensate,the drug height in the drug storage tank and the dropping distance.RESULTS:The ratio of base materials and the main drug was2.5∶1.The optimum forming technics could be seen as follows,the height of the drug storage tank was3cm,the temperature of drops was90℃,the dropping distance was5cm and the temperature of the liquor condensate was12.5℃.CONCLUSION:There was a high rate of end product of dropping pill prepared with this optimum process,which was in conformity with the standard stated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Optimizing Extraction Technics for Paishi Granule by Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction process of paishi granule.METHODS:The extraction process of paishi granule was optimized by L 9 (3 4 )orthogonal test with total flavonoids as index,and with duration of decoction,times of de?coction,the amount of water added and the amount of alcohol used for extraction as factors of investigation.RESULTS:The optimum extraction condition was the following,the amount of water added to which was12times that of the medical material,and it was decocted120min for3times,which then was dried and crushed,then60%alcohol,which was40times that of the amount of medicinal material,was extracted by refluxing for3times with30min each time,filtered while hot,and the alcohol was recovered.The yield of extractum and the content of the total flavonoids were fairly high,and there was a good repro?ducibility.CONCLUSION:The optimized process is stable and feasible.

Clinical value of 34?E12 immunostaining for the differential dianosis of prostatic carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinicopathological features of the needle biopsies of prostatic lesions and to evaluate the value of 34?E12 immunostaining for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.MethodsThe clinical data,levels of serum PSA and HE slides of 103 cases of the needle biopsies of prostatic lesions were reviewed.Immunohistochemical stains for 34?E12 were performed.ResultsThe morphological features revealed 36 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH),9 cases of low grade prostastic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN I)and 34 cases of prostatic carcinoma(PC),24 cases of high grade PIN(PINⅡ and Ⅲ) have been suspected of carcinoma.With immunohistochemical stain,all cases of BPH were strongly reactive for 34?E12 while 32 cases of prostatic carcinoma were negative;14 of 24 cases of high grade PIN were negative for 34?E12 and could be diagnosed as PC.The rest 10 of high grade PIN were interruptedly positive in the basal layer for 34?E12.In the 30 cases of prostastic carcinoma,serum PSA levels of 25 cases was over 10 ng/ml and over 50 ng/ml in 15.ConclusionsThe pathologic diagnosis should based on gland architectures and cytologic features.34?E12 negative expression and elevation of serum PSA are also the important criteria for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.

Optimization of Formula and Preparation Technics of Gatifloxacin Dispersible Tablets / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the preparation technics and the formula of gatifloxacin dispersible tablets.METHODS:The adjuvant like disintegrant etc.,the formula and preparation process were optimized by a series of experi-ments.The dissolution rates of the principal agent in dispersible tablet and conventional tablet were determined and compared.RESULTS:Sodium carboxymethyl starch and crospolyvinylpyrrolidone were optimized as the disintegrants of the dispersible tablet formula;The dissolution rate of the dispersible tablet was faster than that of the conventional tablet.CONCLUSIONS:The prepared gatifloxacin dispersible tablet is reasonable in formula,feasible in technology and it meets the quality standards.

The unreliability of the routine fecal examination for parasitic ova and cysts

The unreliability of the routine fecal examination for parasitic ova and cysts and the reliability of concentration technics are proven. Facts and figures from researches done abroad and locally are presented which prove beyond any doubt the inefficiency of the commonly used routine fecal examinationIt is also shown that the examination of multiple specimens, especially with the aid of concentration technics, greatly increases the chances of getting a positive resultIt is therefore suggested that the routine fecal examination except for rare indications stated in the paper, should no longer be depended upon for specific laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. (Summary)